Comparative assessment of nutrient profiles and some essential trace metals in smoked Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) and Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Owena River, Ondo State, Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.57188/Palabras clave:
Nutrition, Consumption, Target Hazard Quotient (THQ).Resumen
This study evaluates the nutrition and some essential trace metal composition of smoked Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus from the upper Owena River, Nigeria, in order to demonstrate the safety of these species for human consumption. The target hazard quotient (THQ) and estimated daily metal intake (EDMI) values of several macro- and micro-constituents were computed. The protein value of Clarias gariepinus was somewhat higher than that of Oreochromis niloticus, from 66% to 75% across the three body sections (fillet, skin, and gills). The result showed that potassium (249.65 ± 17.82 - 286.48 ± 13.14 mg/100 g), Sodium (39.13 ± 4.48 – 62.98 ± 2.41 mg/100 g), and Calcium (18.72 ± 1.19 - 30.58 ± 1.83 mg/100 g) are the most abundant mineral in both samples (C. gariepinus and O. niloticus). The trace metal concentration was K > Na > Ca > Zn > Fe > Cu > Al. The EDMI-measured levels of each metal in two fish species were higher than the range for daily allowance of metals per day per consumer weighing an average of 52 kg. Seven elements in O. niloticus and C. gariepinus have THQ values below one. Immune and digestive health is improved by vitamin A (12.95 – 13.22 g/100 g) and vitamin C (0.94 – 1.13 g/100 g). With low carbohydrate content and moderate cholesterol levels, the two species demonstrated the potential health benefits depending on dietary goals.
Descargas
Referencias
Abraha, B., Admassu, H., Mahmud, A., Tsighe, N., Shui, X. W., & Fang, Y. (2018). Effect of processing methods on nutritional and physico-chemical composition of fish: a review. MOJ Food Process Technol, 6(4), 376–382. http://doi.org/10.15406/mojfpt.2018.06.00191
Ackman, R. G. (1989). Nutritional composition of fats in seafoods. Prog Food Nutr Sci, 13(3-4), 161-289.
Adebayo, I. A., Fapohunda, O. O. & Ajibade, A. O. (2016). Evaluation of nutritional quality of Clarias gariepinus from selected fish farms in Nigeria. American Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Research, 3(4), 56-62.
Adeyemi, B. R., Adeseye, S. M., Olajuyigbe, O., & Akande, G. (2015). Proximate and Mineral Composition in the Flesh of Five Commercial Fish Species in Nigeria. Internet Journal of Food Safety, 13, 208 - 213.
Adeyeye, E. I. (2016). Determination of Heavy Metals in Fish from Some Local Ponds in Ekiti State. Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 5(3), 99-107.
Ahmed, I., Jan, K., Fatma, S., & Dawood, M. A. O. (2022). Muscle proximate composition of various food fish species and their nutritional significance: A review. Jour of Animal Physio and Animal Nutri, 106, 690–719. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13711
Ajani, M. B., Maleka, P. P., Penabei, S., & Usman, I. T. (2022). Health risk assessment of heavy metals concentration from soil; a case study of the Mayo-Dallah in Southern area of Chad. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 15(1), 130-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2022.01.013
Alloway, B. (2013). Heavy Metals in Soils: Trace Metals and Metalloids in Soils and their Bioavailability. Book Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4470-7
AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 18th ed.; Revision 4; Horwitz, W., Latimer, G.W., Jr.,Eds.; AOAC International: Gaithersburg, MA, USA, 2011.
AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis. Assoc Off Anal Chem. 18th Edit; 2007.
Ayeloja, A. A., George, F. O. A., Dauda, T. O., Jimoh, W. A., & Popoola, M. A. (2013). Nutritional comparison of captured Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus. Int Res J Nat Sci, 1(1), 9–13. https://doi.org/10.37745/irjns.13
Bost, M., Houdart, S., Oberli, M., Kalonji, E., Huneau, J. F., & Margaritis, I. (2016). Dietary copper and human health: Current evidence and unresolved issues. J. Trace Elem. Med. Bio, 5, 107–115.
Chukwu, O., & Shaba, I. M. (2009). Effects of Drying Methods on Proximate Compositions of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5, 114-116.
Fagbenro, O. A., Jegede, T., & Fasasi O. S. (2010). Tilapia Aquaculture in Nigeria. Applied Tropical Agriculture, 15, 49-55.
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) (1983). Compilation of legal limits for hazardous substances in fish and fishery products. FAO Fishery Circular No. 464. Food and Agriculture Organization, pp. 5–100.
FAO. (2020). New Food Balances. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS
Fawole, O. O., Ogundiran, M. A. Ayandiran, T. A., & Olagunju, O. F. (2007). Mineral composition in some selected fresh water fishes in Nigeria. J. Food Safety, 9, 52–55.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2019). Dietary intake of vitamins and minerals: FAO/WHO expert consultation on human vitamin and mineral requirements. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/y2809e/y2809e00.htm
Glover-Amengor, M., Atikpo, O., Abbey, L. D., Hagan, L., Ayin, J., & Toppe, J. (2012). Proximate Composition and Consumer Acceptability of Three Underutilized Fish Species and Tuna Frames. World Rural Obs, 4(2), 65–70.
Gunarathne, R., Guan, X., Feng, T., Zhao, Y., & Lu, J. (2025). L-lysine dietary supplementation for childhood and adolescent growth: Promises and precautions. J Adv Res., 70, 571-586. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.014
Javed, M., & Usmani, N. (2016) Accumulation of heavy metals and human health risk assessment via the consumption of freshwater fish Mastacembelus armatus inhabiting, thermal power plant effluent loaded canal. Springer Plus, 5(1), 776. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2471-3
Kakar, A., Hayat, M. T., Abbasi, A. M., Pervez, A., Mahmood, Q., Farooq, U., Akbar, T. A., Ali, S., Rizwan, M., El-Serehy, H. A., & Abdel-Daim, M. M. (2020). Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Selected Marine Fish Species of Gadani Shipbreaking Area and Pakistan. Animals, 10(10), 1738. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101738
Khawar, M., Masood. Z., Hasan, H. U, Khan, W., De los Ríos‑Escalante, P. R., Aldamigh, M. A., Al‑Sowayan, N. S., Razzaq, W., Khan, T., & Said, M. B. (2024). Trace metals and nutrient analysis of marine fish species from the Gwadar coast. Scientific Reports, 14, 6548. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57335-0
Kwasek, K., Thorne-Lyman, A. L., & Phillips, M. (2020). Can human nutrition be improved through better fish feeding practices? a review paper. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 60(22), 3822-3835. http://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1708698
Law Journal. UE L 304, 2011. Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 on the provision of food information to consumers, amending Regulations (EC) No 1924/2006 and (EC) No 1925/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Commission Directive 87/250/EEC, Council Directive 90/496/EEC, Commission Directive 1999/10/EC, Directive 2000/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, Commission Directives 2002/67/EC and 2008/5/EC and Commission Regulation (EC) No. 608/2004, Annex XIV “Conversion Rates”.
Mehdi-Hosseini, S., et al. (2022). Risk assessment of trace elements bioaccumulated in golden gray mullet (Liza aurata) harvested from the southern Caspian Sea. J. Gt. Lakes Res., 48(4), 1079–1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2022.04.010
Naylor, R. L., Kishore, A., Sumaila, U. R., Issifu, I., Hunter, B. P., Belton B., Bush, S. R., Cao, L., Gelcich, S., Gephart, J. A., Golden, C. D., Jonell, M., Koehn, M. Z., Little, D. C., Thilsted, S. H., Tigchelaar, H., & Crona, B. (2021). Blue food demand across geographic and temporal scales. Nature communications, 12, 5413. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25516-4
Nazeer, N., et al. (2023) Impacts of some trace metals in Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) and Tor soro (Valenciennes, 1842) on human health. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03852-4
Noreen, S., Hashmi, B., Aja, P. M., & Atoki, A. V. (2025) Health benefits of fish and fish by-products-a nutritional and functional perspective. Front Nutr, 9(12), 1564315. http://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1564315
Oladipo I. C., & Jadesimi P. D. (2012). Microbiological analysis and nutritional evaluation of West African soft cheese (wara) produced with different preservatives. American Journal of Food Nutrition, 3(1), 13-21. http://doi.org/10.5251/ajfn.2013.3.1.13.21
Olaoye, J., Ezeri, G., Akegbejo-Samsons, Y., Awotunde, J., & Ojebiyi, W. (2016). Dynamics of the adoption of improved aquaculture technologies among fish farmers in Lagos State, Nigeria. Croatian Journal of Fisheries, 74, 56-70. http://doi.org/10.1515/cjf-2016-0012
Pal, J., Shukla, B. N., Maurya, A. K., & Verma, H. O. (2018). A review on role of fish in human nutrition with special emphasis to essential fatty acid. Int J Fish Aquat Stud, 6(2), 427-430.
PN-EN ISO 6869. Animal Feeding Stuffs—Determination of the Contents of Calcium, Copper, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Potassium, Sodium and Zinc—Method Using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry; Polish Committee for Standardization: Warsaw, Poland, 2002.
Rasul, M. G., Yuan, C., & Shah, A. K. (2021). Chemical composition and nutritional value of dried fish in Bangladesh. Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish, 25(4), 379–399. http://doi.org/10.21608/EJABF.2021.189666
Ravichandran, S., Kumaravel, K., & Florence, E. P. (2011). Nutritive composition of some edible fin fishes. Inter J. of Zoological Res, 7(3), 241‐251. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijzr.2011.241.251
Rolić, T., Yazdani. M., Mandić, S., & Distante, S. (2025). Iron Metabolism, Calcium, Magnesium and Trace Elements: A Review. Biol Trace Elem Res. 203(4), 2216-2225. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-024-04289-z
Singh, R. D., Arambam, K., Singh, A. M., & Singh, S. K. (2025). Health and Nutritional Benefits of Fish as Human Food. In: Sundaray, J. K., Rather, M. A., Ahmad, I., Amin, A. (eds) Food Security, Nutrition and Sustainability Through Aquaculture Technologies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-75830-0_3
South, J., Sabini, L., Pattison, Z., & Cuff, J. P. (2025). Aquatic biological invasions exacerbate nutritional and health inequities, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 40(8), 718-721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2025.06.00
Sadiku, S. O. E., & Oladimeji, A. A. (1991). Relationships of proximate composition of Lates niloticus Synodontis schall (brochand schnider) and Sarotherodon galiaeus (trewavas) from Zaria dam, Nigeria. Bioscience Research Community, 3, 29-40.
Sultana, S., Parween, S., & Hossain, M. A. (2011). Biochemical analysis of some dried sis fishes of the river Padma in Rajshahi. J Life Earth Sci, 6, 39–43. http://doi.org/10.3329/jles.v6i0.9719
Tørris, C., Småstuen, M. C., & Molin, M. (2018). Nutrients in fish and possible associations with cardiovascular disease risk factors in metabolic syndrome. Nutrients, 10(7), 952. http://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070952
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2016). Sodium in your diet. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.fda.gov/food/food-labeling-nutrition/sodium-your-diet
Ukenye, E. A., Taiwo, I. A., & Anyanwu, P. E. (2019). Morphological and genetic variation in Tilapia guineensis in West African coastal waters: A mini review. Biotechnol Reports, 24, e00362. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00362
USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (1989). Office of Water Regulations and Standard: Guidance manual for assessing human health risks from chemically contaminated, fish and shellfish U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC;EPA-503/8-89-002.
World Health Organization. (2021). Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first addendum. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240062739
Yetunde, K. O. (2016). Biochemical composition of Micromesistus poutassou from agbalata market, Badagry Lagos West, Nigeria. Food Appl Biosci J, 4(1), 12-24. http://doi.org/10.14456/fabj.2016.2
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2025 Temitope Ebenezer Adebayo, Patrick Oluwagbemiga Ayeku, Peace Erhomonsele Kadiri, Chuks Ogueri

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.

Manglar is an open access journal distributed under the terms and conditions of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license