Polinización por insectos: Servicio ecosistémico, factores que la afectan, importancia, valoración económica, conservación y restauración y desafíos futuros
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.57188/manglar.2025.046Keywords:
abejas, biodiversidad, polinización, servicio ecosistémicoAbstract
La polinización por insectos representa un servicio ecosistémico esencial para la producción agrícola y la conservación de la biodiversidad vegetal. Este proceso natural, mediado principalmente por abejas y otros insectos, influye directamente en la calidad, cantidad y estabilidad de numerosos cultivos. Sin embargo, múltiples factores como la pérdida de hábitat, el uso de pesticidas, el cambio climático y la contaminación del aire amenazan su eficacia y sostenibilidad. A pesar de su alto valor ecológico y económico, los esfuerzos por conservar y restaurar este servicio enfrentan importantes desafíos, incluyendo la escasa valoración económica de los polinizadores silvestres y la limitada integración de estrategias de conservación en políticas agrarias. Este artículo propone fortalecer la investigación sobre polinizadores no tradicionales, especialmente de hábitos nocturnos, cuya contribución a la polinización ha sido históricamente subestimada. Asimismo, se recomienda impulsar estudios que evalúen el efecto de infraestructuras emergentes como los parques solares en la biodiversidad de polinizadores. Un enfoque interdisciplinario, que integre ecología, economía, agricultura y planificación territorial, será clave para diseñar sistemas agrícolas resilientes, sostenibles y compatibles con la conservación de la biodiversidad. Estudios futuros podrían centrarse en el diseño experimental de paisajes multifuncionales que optimicen simultáneamente la producción agrícola y la salud de las comunidades de polinizadores.
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